Organic Chemistry Of Functional Groups

 

Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

Hydrocarbons
1. Alkane
General Structure: R-H
Example: CH₃-CH₃ (Ethane)

2. Alkene
General Structure: R-CH=CH-R
Example: CH₂=CH₂ (Ethene)

3. Alkyne
General Structure: R-C≡C-R
Example: HC≡CH (Ethyne)

4. Arenes (Aromatic)
General Structure: Benzene Ring (C₆H₅-R)
Example: C₆H₅-CH₃ (Toluene)

Halogen & Oxygen Groups
5. Alkyl Halide
General Structure: R-X (X = F, Cl, Br, I)
Example: CH₃-Cl (Chloromethane)

6. Alcohol
General Structure: R-OH
Example: CH₃-CH₂-OH (Ethanol)

7. Phenol
General Structure: C₆H₅-OH
Example: Phenol

8. Ether
General Structure: R-O-R'
Example: CH₃-O-CH₃ (Dimethyl Ether)

Carbonyl Compounds
9. Aldehyde
General Structure: R-CHO
Example: CH₃-CHO (Ethanal)

10. Ketone
General Structure: R-CO-R'
Example: CH₃-CO-CH₃ (Acetone)

11. Carboxylic Acid
General Structure: R-COOH
Example: CH₃-COOH (Ethanoic Acid)

12. Ester
General Structure: R-COO-R'
Example: CH₃-COO-CH₃ (Methyl Ethanoate)
Nitrogen Compounds

13. Amine
General Structure: R-NH₂
Example: CH₃-NH₂ (Methylamine)

14. Amide
General Structure: R-CONH₂
Example: CH₃-CONH₂ (Ethanamide)

15. Nitro Compound
General Structure: R-NO₂
Example: CH₃-NO₂ (Nitromethane)

16. Nitrile (Cyanide)
General Structure: R-C≡N
Example: CH₃-CN (Ethanenitrile)

Sulfur Compounds
17. Thiol
General Structure: R-SH
Example: CH₃-SH (Methanethiol)

18. Sulfoxide
General Structure: R-SO-R'
Example: CH₃-SO-CH₃ (Dimethyl Sulfoxide)

19. Sulfone
General Structure: R-SO₂-R'
Example: CH₃-SO₂-CH₃ (Dimethyl Sulfone)

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